Rakesh Roy said he was able to bring the project to fruition with the support of his six other friends who graduated with him from FISAT Engineering College in Angamaly some years ago.

IDUKKI: Rakesh Roy grew up seeing a picturesque mountain stream flowing down a hill near his house at Kambilikandam in this mountainous district, but only once he became an engineer years later did he comprehend the height of that nondescript hill and realise the potential of ‘Parathodu’, the water body.

This realisation by the young engineer has made Mukkudam Small Hydroelectric Project, Kerala’s first self-identified private small hydroelectric project, a reality in Idukki.

The private hydel plant began supplying power to the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) Limited late last month.

Roy said he was able to bring the project to fruition with the support of his six other friends who graduated with him from FISAT Engineering College in Angamaly some years ago.

Mukkudam is the 12th private small hydel power project in Kerala and the fifth such initiative in Idukki, Roy, who is the CMD of the company, said.

“We are proud to be the first self-identified private small hydroelectric project in the state. The uniqueness of the project is that it was identified by private persons like us in our own land,” he told PTI.

He said though there was a provision for such projects in the ‘Kerala Small Hydro Power Policy 2012’ rolled out in October 2012, he and his partners were the first to submit such a proposal to the government.

Even officials and government departments were initially apprehensive when they were approached with the project proposal as there was no precedence, he said.

When asked how he identified the power sector for their first entrepreneurial venture, he said he and his friends were aware that power was a potential area since their college days.

“Power cuts and electricity crunch had always been in the news in Kerala. So, even during our college days, we knew that it was a potential area,” he said.

After realising the potential of the mountain stream, he discussed it with his friends who offered him all support to go ahead.

Thirty-nine-year-old Roy, a native of Kambilikandam here, quit his corporate career when he decided to go ahead with the power project in 2014.

His six collegemates have been with him as pillars of support throughout these years and invested their hard-earned money in it.

They registered a company and submitted a project report to the state government for a one MW power project in December 2015.

Though they got technical sanction for the project in March 2018, a hydraulic study they conducted at the project site later revealed that it had the potential for a four MW project.

Based on a revised project report submitted to the government, approval was guaranteed for the present project in 2021.

After fighting several challenges — from funding issues and procedural delays to Covid-19 problems — the dream project was commissioned recently and it started supplying power to the KSEB since late last month.

“The gross head available for the project is 323.7 metres (1,070 feet). The length of the penstock is 1,310 metres. We have two turbine generators of 2 MW each,” Roy explained.

The generators of the small hydel projects were linked to the KSEB’s power grid on October 21.

“We expect that 11 million (1.1 crore) units of electricity can be generated annually through this power project,” he said.

Though some state-run financial institutions were approached for a loan, they were reluctant to sanction funds as they failed to understand the potential and viability of such a project, Roy said.

But, two central government agencies gave them wholehearted support which helped them make it a reality, he added.

He also particularly mentioned the support and encouragement extended by the Thiruvananthapuram-based Energy Management Centre under the Power Department, the nodal agency for Small Hydro Power Projects in the state.

Roy said Kerala has immense potential for small hydropower projects as they are environment-friendly and more viable.

Besides Roy, Unni S Sankar, Nitish S J, Renjini M, Cyriac Jose, Faris E M and Rijo Joseph are the six other partners in the project.

source/content: newindianexpress.com (headline edited)

Born to a modestly wealthy family in 1898 in Bhaun village in Punjab province of Pakistan, his father worked as a front desk clerk at The Cecil (now The Oberoi Cecil), a small hotel in Shimla.

As a child, he witnessed Allied pilots use his father’s hotel in Calcutta during the second world war and six-and-half-decades later saw a dastardly terrorist attack all but destroy his flagship hotel in Mumbai.

PRS ‘Biki’ Oberoi, who died on Tuesday morning at the age of 94 years, was no less than an industry legend whose name was enough to add a touch of grandeur to any hotel property across the world.

Inheriting India’s first five-star hotel from his father, he changed the face of the Indian hospitality industry as he turned his group of the same name into one of India’s best-known luxury hotel groups.

In 1984, he took over a nine-hotel chain from his father and The Oberoi Group founder Rai Bahadur Mohan Singh Oberoi.

Since then, PRS Oberoi has steered the hospitality chain through its ups and downs.

The group now has hotels, cruises and resorts spread across seven countries under three brands Oberoi Hotels & Resorts, Trident Hotels and Maiden Hotel.

A hotel magnate who embodied fine living, his death brings to an end two generations of the family that built the Oberoi empire into an Indian hospitality powerhouse.

Oberoi, who was the executive chairman of EIH Limited, the flagship company of The Oberoi Group, passed on the baton of his group in May 2022.

His nephew Arjun is now the executive chairman of the group while son Vikramjit is the CEO.

The group had humble beginnings.

Born to a modestly wealthy family in 1898 in Bhaun village in Punjab province of Pakistan, his father worked as a front desk clerk at The Cecil (now The Oberoi Cecil), a small hotel in Shimla, before taking a loan against his family wealth including the wife’s jewellery, to buy his first property, Clarke’s Hotel, also in Shimla, in 1934.

Four years later, he purchased the lease for the Grand Hotel (now The Oberoi Grand) in what was then Calcutta, which was on sale after a cholera epidemic.

In 1943, he bought Associated Hotels of India, becoming the first Indian to own the country’s largest upmarket hotel chain, with properties including Shimla’s Cecil Hotel where he had worked as a clerk.

When his father was setting up the hotel business, Biki was sent to St Paul’s School in Darjeeling in 1939 and after finishing school in 1946 to London to study chartered accountancy.

He travelled to France and Switzerland and worked in hotels there to gain experience.

It was in 1942, he witnessed Allied pilots, who were fighting Japan during the second world war, make the Grand Hotel as a base.

In 1954, he was given his first hotel to run — Maidens in New Delhi and then Grand Hotel in Calcutta.

He was also given charge of four hotels in Pakistan that had come as part of the AHI acquisition.

However, the Pakistan government took over those properties after the 1965 war.

Not to be let down, Biki worked with his elder brother Tilak ‘Tikki’ Raj Singh Oberoi, moving into industrial-scale hotels with the opening of their main property in the national capital in 1965.

It was India’s first modern hotel with swimming pools, four or five restaurants and 320 rooms.

Associated Hotels of India Ltd was merged with what was then East India Hotels Ltd (now EIH Ltd) in 1968, bringing into the fold The Oberoi Grand, Calcutta; Maidens Hotel, New Delhi; and The Oberoi Cecil, Shimla.

The next landmark was the construction of a Mumbai hotel, now known as the Trident, in 1973 and its sister hotel on the same site, The Oberoi, in 1986. Tikki died in 1984.

His son Arjun is now the executive chairman of the group.

That year, their father suffered a stroke and passed on the baton of the group to Biki.

Under him, Oberoi went on an expansion sphere – entering into a contract to operate all snack bars and restaurants at Mumbai airport in 1986, and listing GDRs on the London Stock Exchange in 1994.

Cigar-smoking Biki, who was known to take his own towels and bring along cooks to cities where he did not own a hotel, in 1988 launched a new brand, Trident when a new hotel, which was five-star but not a luxury property, was opened in Chennai.

The Oberoi Rajvilas in Jaipur opened in 1998 and put Indian hospitality on the world luxury travel map.

A night’s stay in 1998 cost a then-unthinkable Rs 8,000 and continues to be one of the most expensive resorts in the country.

This was followed by similar iconic properties in Agra, Udaipur and Ranthambore (Amarvilas, Udaivilas and Vanyavilas, respectively).

Besides offering ultra-luxury, the chain offered unmatched service.

As these properties gained credibility, so did Oberoi’s reputation and his group was often referred to as a gold standard in the industry.

When Pakistani terrorists attacked Mumbai in 2008, Oberoi-Trident hotel was one of the properties attacked.

Two terrorists, who spent two days holed up in the Oberoi killing about 20 guests and 11 staff members, destroyed the entire interior of the hotel.

Oberoi took a personal interest in redesigning the property which opened 18 months later.

“It is with deep sadness that we inform the peaceful passing of PRS Oberoi, Chairman Emeritus of The Oberoi Group, earlier today. A luminary in the hospitality industry, Oberoi’s legacy transcends borders, leaving an indelible mark on the global landscape,” a company statement said.

PRS Oberoi was born in New Delhi on February 3, 1929.

He served as chairman of the company since 1988 until he stepped down in May last year due to ill health.

“PRS Oberoi has decided to relinquish his position as chairman and director of the EIH Associated Hotels Ltd effective May 2, 2022 due to his deteriorating health,” a press release had said at that time.

Besides son Vikramjit, he is survived by daughters Natasha and Anastasia.

A recipient of India’s second highest civilian honour — Padma Vibhushan — in 2008, PRS Oberoi was also awarded the ‘Corporate Hotelier of the World’ by HOTELS magazine in 2010.

The Oberoi brand has come to represent fine luxury hotels.

Business India magazine adjudged PRS Oberoi the Businessman of the Year 2008.

He received this award for building a world-class premium hospitality brand.

In November 2008, he was conferred the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Awards for redefining design standards in luxury hotels.

In October 2005, the Hotel Investment Conference Asia Pacific (HICAP), which is the preeminent gathering of hotel investors, investment bankers and leading industry professionals in the region, honoured him with the Lifetime Achievement Award at its annual conference in Hong Kong.

This award was given in recognition of his contribution to the hospitality industry and his pioneering leadership in making The Oberoi Group a global brand by taking the concept of luxury to a new paradigm.

In February 2013, PRS Oberoi was honoured with the Lifetime Achievement Award for Management by The All India Management Association.

In his condolence message, Mahindra group’s Anand Mahindra said: “His many achievements were never sufficiently recognised. He made ‘Oberoi’ a global byword for the Indian luxury hospitality experience and the first to put an Indian hotel on the very top of global rankings. He also rallied the group heroically but quietly post the 26/11 attack on their Mumbai flagship. He was a class act. Period.”

Minister of State for IT Rajeev Chandrasekhar said he was “without doubt, the man who put Indian hospitality and service on the global map.”

source/content: newindianexpress.com (headline edited)

The scheme is gaining momentum rapidly, with the goal of featuring outlets at almost all stations to showcase local indigenous products.

The Indian Railway has established more than a thousand outlets in railway stations across the nation under its ‘One Station One Product’ (OSOP) initiative. The scheme is aimed at providing a platform for skilled artisans to sell their indigenous products.

Launched on May 20, 2022 as a 15-day pilot project, the OSOP scheme, according to the Ministry of Railways, has significantly expanded opportunities for skilled artisans. As of November 9, 2023, there are 1,134 operational OSOP outlets at 1,037 stations spanning 27 states. Tamil Nadu leads with 146 OSOP outlets, followed by West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh with 123 and 112 outlets, respectively.

The OSOP outlets, a first-of-their-kind, are uniquely designed with a distinctive look, feel and logo — developed by the National Institute of Design-Ahmedabad, and provided to them at the railway stations by Indian Railways. These outlets aim to increase visibility for indigenous products and benefit local craftsmen.

The scheme is gaining momentum rapidly, with the goal of featuring outlets at almost all stations to showcase local indigenous products. As of November 9, the scheme has provided opportunities to 39,847 direct beneficiaries, with an additional five indirect beneficiaries for each allotment, bringing the total to 1,43,232 beneficiaries. Total sales under the scheme have reached `49.58 crore, as per an official statement.

Announced in the Union Budget 2022-23, the OSOP scheme aims to provide livelihood opportunities through skill development to local artisans, potters, weavers and craftsmen. Railways allots the outlets at its stations through a tendering process. The scheme’s outreach measures include advertising, social media, public announcements, press notifications and personal visits to artisans.

The products at these outlets range from artifacts and handicrafts to textiles and traditional appliances, indigenous to the region and are crafted by local artisans or tribals. They also include locally made or grown food products in processed or semi-processed forms.

source/content: newindianexpress.com (headline edited)

All the ULBs across the country can participate in this initiative by voluntarily submitting their key data on a regular basis.

The Centre on November 13 launched a web portal, which is envisaged to be a permanent platform for any kind of data related to all Indian cities.

The ‘AAINA Dashboard for Cities’, an initiative of the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry, aims to create a robust database of the key performance metrics of Urban Local Bodies (ULB), which could be accessed by all stakeholders, and subsequently would open for public view once it gets populated, an official statement said.

All the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across the country can participate in this initiative to voluntarily submit their key data on a regular basis, through a simple, easy-to-fill, data entry form on the portal.

The dashboard will present the data submitted by the ULBs based on indicators across five broad pillars namely political and administrative structure, finance, planning, citizen-centric governance and delivery of basic services.

The primary objectives of the dashboard are to help cities to see how they are faring vis-à-vis other cities, inspire them by pointing to possibilities and areas of improvement and provide them opportunity to learn and engage with frontrunners.

The ULBs will submit their data, including audited accounts, and self-reported performance metrics by logging in to the dashboard’s portal.

source/content: thehindu.com (headline edited)

The recent US Michelin awards awarded stars to three Indian restaurants – Semma, Rania and Indienne. Their chefs tell us why Indian food is winning global acclaim.

….

source/content: thehindu.com (headline edited)

This project will have three lines namely Monal, Deodar Cedar and Apple.

The construction work for the much-awaited 13.79-km-long ropeway in Shimla will begin in September 2024 and is expected to be completed by 2029, an official said. The ropeway, the country’s first urban ropeway project and the world’s second longest, after La Paz in Bolivia, aimed to decongest the state capital cum-tourist hotspot, will have 13 boarding and one turning station (where cabins are transferred from one cable loop to another).

The boarding stations will be Taradevi, Judicial Complex Chakkar, Tuti Kandi Parking, New ISBT Railway Station, Old ISBT, Lift, Secretariat, Navbahar, Sanjauli, IGMC, Ice Skating Ring, Hotel Cecil and turning station at Victory Tunnel. This project will have three lines namely Monal, Deodar Cedar and Apple.

According to the director of Ropeway and Rapid Transport System Development Corporation, Ajay Sharma, the project, with an estimated cost of Rs 1,550 crores, once completed will provide an eco-friendly, affordable, green, safe mode of transportation and enhance the ease of living and tourism to Shimla, also known as ‘Queen of Hills’.

The ropeway, to be developed by the RTDC received the in-principle approval last August by the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) and was proposed to the New Development Bank  for multilateral funding. A survey of the project’s feasibility, topographical, traffic, ridership, design, environment and social impact assessment was conducted this year.

The process of diversion of land under the Forest Conservation Act (FCA) is in progress. The total land requirement for the project is 9.82 hectare, of which 7.26 hectare is forest land while the remaining 2.56 hectare belongs to the Central Public Works Department  and Railways. According to initial estimates, the ropeway will have a capacity of airlifting 3,000 persons per hour per direction (PPHD) with 10-person sitting capacity in each cabin.

The project will cover 76 km of the road network. It has been found that the roads that the ropeway will bypass are heavily loaded with both public and personal vehicles, often leading to traffic jams, especially in tourist season.

Over the project, Himachal Pradesh Deputy Chief Minister Mukesh Agnihotri had said that the state government has taken the lead as the ropeway will be the first of its kind in the country.   Agnihotri said he is committed to constructing more ropeways in the state for connecting the left-out habitations, developing unexplored tourist destinations and enhancing urban transportation.

source/content: newindianexpress.com (headline edited)

In another development contributing to the growth of India’s aviation industry, French aerospace company Airbus has signed component manufacturing contracts with four Indian suppliers.

This move serves as a significant endorsement of the Indian government’s ‘Make in India’ initiative.

The company has partnered with domestic companies — Mahindra Aerospace, Aequs, Dynamatic and Gardner. These partnerships involve contracts for supplying airframe and wing parts for Airbus’ A320neo, A330neo, and A350 programmes, as per reports.

According to Airbus, the recent contracts will assist in the expansion of commercial aircraft programmes worldwide. Additionally, these contracts will enhance the aviation industry in India by bolstering capabilities and capacities in various technologies such as sheet metal, machining, and extrusion profiles.

“Make in India is at the core of Airbus’ strategy in India. We are proud that we are putting in place all the critical building blocks for an integrated industrial ecosystem that will propel India into the front ranks of aerospace manufacturing nations,” said Remi Maillard, president and managing director of Airbus India and South Asia.

The latest contracts follow the allocation of the A320neo family cargo and bulk cargo doors manufacturing to Tata Advanced Systems earlier this year.

Airbus To Support 50 Per Cent More Jobs By 2025

The company, along with its supply chain, currently provides employment for nearly 10,000 individuals in India.

Airbus stated that by 2025, this figure is expected to increase to approximately 15,000.

The company is proud to continue its partnership with Aequs, Dynamatic, Gardner, and Mahindra Aerospace, all of whom are trusted Airbus partners in India known for their technical expertise and operational excellence, he added.

“Today, every Airbus commercial aircraft has components and technologies that are made in India,” the release further said.

The company stated that it currently purchases components and services valued at $750 million per year from India. Further, they also mentioned that the latest round of contracts will greatly increase these volumes.

source/content: indiainfrahub.com (headline edited)

A geoglyph in the form of a circle, said to be 3,000 years old, has been unearthed on the outskirts of Mudichu Thalapalli in the Medchal-Malkajgiri district of Telangana.

Etched on a low-lying granitoid hillock, the geoglyph spans 7.5 metres in diameter and has a perfect circular shape. Surrounding the circle is a 30-centimetre-wide rim, and within the circle are two triangles.

Archaeologist and CEO of Pleach India Foundation E. Sivanagireddy visited the spot on Sunday with a team and examined the geoglyph. They termed it a first-of-its-kind discovery in Telangana.

Seeking to determine the age of the geoglyph, Dr. Sivanagireddy reached out to professor Ravi Korisettar, a prehistoric rock art expert, who dated the geoglyph to the Iron Age, specifically around 1000 BCE. He suggested that this circle might have served as a model for megalithic communities in planning their circular burial sites.

Noting the archaeological significance of the geoglyph, which displays the artistic skills and etching techniques of Telangana’s Iron Age inhabitants, the team appealed to the residents of Moodu Chintalapalli village to protect the location.

Sanathana, a research associate at Pleach India Foundation, said the site could be developed into an archaeological tourism destination, comparable to the renowned Konkan petroglyph sites in the Ratnagiri zone of Maharashtra. The site is only 30-40 kilometres from Hyderabad and Secunderabad, making it easily accessible to tourists.

Prehistoric rock shelters found

Additionally, the team identified several grooves, which they believe to be from the Neolithic period, dating to 4000 BCE, located five metres away from the geoglyph.

Also, within one-kilometre radius of the geoglyph’s location, they discovered three prehistoric rock shelters adorned with depictions of bulls, deer, porcupines and human figures wearing masks. According to the team, these artworks date to Mesolithic and Megalithic periods.

source/content: thehindu.com (headline edited)

Power minister R.K. Singh gave away the awards at the fifth edition of the event that honours human catalysts.

In a glittering ceremony that featured humour-packed moments, a virtuoso violin recital, and a scintillating hula hoop dance performance, Power Minister R.K. Singh presented businessline’s Changemaker of the Year award to the Reserve Bank of India for steering the country through the turbulent period of the pandemic. The ‘utterly butterly’ beloved brand, Amul, was crowned Iconic Changemaker of the Year.

Receiving the award, Jayen Mehta, Managing Director, GCMMF (Amul), light-heartedly quipped, “Early in the morning, at 5.00 a.m., you will see only two changemakers – newspapers and doodhwalas [milkmen].”

Mr. Mehta went on to acknowledge the 36 lakh women changemakers of Amul, on behalf of whom, he “was accepting this award”. “It is the second strongest food brand in the world. Amul’s cooperative model has demonstrated that when people, the marginalised, and the women come together, they can create a new model of development,” he emphasised.

RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das too dedicated the award to all officers, Department of Financial Services (DFS) officials, bank officials, and employees of the Central bank, praising their commitment and dedication. Responding humorously to Mr. Mehta’s comment about doodhwalas in the morning, he said, the intangible you don’t see at that time is whether the payment is made through cash or digital mode.

The fifth edition of the event saw awards being given in six categories – digital transformation, social transformation, financial transformation, young changemaker, iconic changemaker, and changemaker of the year. The digital transformation winner was Stellapps Technologies, a start-up that works on digitising the dairy sector. In social transformation there were two winners – HerKey, which aims to reverse the female brain drain and Educate Girls, an NGO that aims to improve access and quality of education for girls. The award for financial transformation went to Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.

The Young Changemaker Award went to Shrinidhi R.S., creator of CherriLearn, an education app which offers gamified lessons in regional languages to children of classes 1-5.

In his address, the chief guest, Minister for Power and New and Renewable Energy, R.K. Singh said, “I was reflecting on change. Only when you make a difference, you can say you have justified your existence… when you have made a difference to a few people or to a large number of people. When the time comes for us to bid farewell to the world, this is the only thing that counts. Hearing the Amul MD and the RBI Governor made me realise that when the rest of the world is still struggling with the impact of the pandemic or other crises, we remain among the most stable and highest growing economies in the world.”

About the change he himself effected, the Minister said: “We transformed our country from a power-deficit to power-surplus country. We strengthened the distribution system. The availability of power has gone up as a result. We are the fastest growing in renewable energy.”

Earlier, inaugurating the event, Dr. Nirmala Lakshman, Chairperson of THG Publishing Private Limited, said, “Impactful change begins with the vision and determination of individuals and institutions ready to challenge the status quo.”

Raghuvir Srinivasan, Editor, businessline, said that bl’s endeavour was to put the spotlight on unrecognised changemakers.

The 2023 awards function was presented by Sastra. Associate partners were LIC, Casagrand, GMDC, LICHFL, Punjab & Sind Bank, United India, GAIL, and NTPC; banking partner was J&K Bank; online grocery partner BigBasket; tourism partner Bihar Tourism; education partner SSVM Institutions; television partner NewsX; gift partner Anand Prakash; knowledge partners Ashoka and Deloitte; and validation partner NIITI Consulting.

source/content: thehindu.com (headline edited)

Kozhikode is a permanent venue for the annual Kerala Literature Festival and hosts several other book festivals. Gwalior has a rich and diverse musical heritage.

Kozhikode in Kerala and Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh have made it to the prestigious creative cities list of UNESCO for contributions in the fields of literature and music respectively.

The announcement was made by UNESCO on its official website on October 31, which is designated as World Cities Day.

“On World Cities Day, 55 cities join the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN), following their designation by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay. New cities were acknowledged for their strong commitment to harnessing culture and creativity as part of their development strategies, and displaying innovative practices in human-centred urban planning,” the statement said.

On November 1, Prime Minister Narendra Modi posted a congratulatory message on X : “India’s cultural vibrancy shines brighter on the global stage with Kozhikode’s rich literary legacy and Gwalior’s melodious heritage now joining the esteemed UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Congratulations to the people of Kozhikode and Gwalior on this remarkable achievement!”

“As we celebrate this international recognition, our nation reaffirms its commitment to preserving and promoting our diverse cultural traditions. These accolades also reflect the collective efforts of every individual dedicated to nurturing and sharing our unique cultural narratives,” he added.

Union Culture Minister G. Kishen Reddy said: “A proud moment for India. Kozhikode in Kerala has been designated as the UNESCO ‘City of Literature’ and Gwalior as the ‘City of Music’ in the latest UNESCO list of Creative Cities Network. These cities get acknowledged and recognition for their strong commitment to harnessing culture and creativity. Congratulations to all stakeholders!”

With the latest additions, the creative cities network now counts 350 cities in more than one hundred countries, representing seven creative fields: Crafts and Folk Art, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media Arts and Music.

Kozhikode is a permanent venue for the annual Kerala Literature Festival and hosts several other book festivals. Gwalior has a rich and diverse musical heritage encompassing classical Hindustani music, folk music, and devotional music. The city also has some prestigious music institutes and hosts popular festivals.

With the latest additions, the UCCN now counts 350 cities in more than a hundred countries, representing seven creative fields: Crafts and Folk Art, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media Arts and Music. Some of the other cities added to the list are Bukhara for Crafts and Folk Art, Casablanca for Media Arts, Kathmandu for Films, and Rio de Janeiro for Literature.

The newly designated Creative Cities are invited to participate in the 2024 UCCN Annual Conference (July 1-5, 2024) in Braga, Portugal, under the theme “Bringing Youth to the table for the next decade”, the UNESCO statement said.

source/content: thehindu.com (headline edited)